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Biomarkers will be increasingly valuable for patients and physicians in the decision making process.   Biomarkers in prostate cancer will one day help determine the best treatment option upon diagnosis. Prostate cancer comes in varying aggression levels, on which effective treatment is dependent.

PSA: Men with localized (non-metastatic) prostate cancer may be characterized as low-, intermediate-, or high-risk for prostate cancer mortality. PSA level is one of three variables on which the risk-stratification is based; the others are the grade of prostate cancer (Gleason grading system) and the stage of cancer based on physical examination and imaging studies. ***NEED TO CHANGE***

4Kscore: The 4Kscore Test is a blood test that provides a patient-specific probability for finding a aggressive (Gleason score 7 or higher) prostate cancer upon biopsy. The information can be used by the Urologist to have an informed discussion with the patient about whether or not to have a prostate biopsy. The 4Kscore Test measures four prostate-specific kallikreins in the blood: Total PSA, Free PSA, Intact PSA, and Human Kallikrein 2 (hK2). The blood test results are combined in an algorithm with patient age, digital rectal exam (nodule, no nodule), and prior negative biopsy (yes, no). The 4Kscore Test then provides a % probability on a scales from <1% to >95% for the patient having aggressive prostate cancer.

Prostate Health Index (PHI): A simple blood test that is nearly 3 times more specific in detecting prostate cancer than PSA (prostate-specific antigen).  This test will help patients and physicians distinguish prostate cancer from benign conditions and help to prevent unnecessary prostate biopsies.